A new book by Thomas Levenson categorizes anti-vaccine arguments into three types: those that are scientifically wrong (based on religious or naturalistic beliefs), those claiming vaccines are harmful despite evidence of safety, and those opposing vaccine mandates on philosophical grounds about individual liberty versus collective good. The article traces vaccine opposition back to 18th-century smallpox inoculation campaigns and examines how these arguments have persisted for centuries.
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A new book by Thomas Levenson categorizes anti-vaccine arguments into three types: those that are scientifically wrong (based on religious or naturalistic beliefs), those claiming vaccines are harmful despite evidence of safety, and those opposing vaccine mandates on philosophical grounds about individual liberty versus collective good. The article traces vaccine opposition back to 18th-century smallpox inoculation campaigns and examines how these arguments have persisted for centuries.